The ultimate objective of root canal therapy is the three-dimensional obturation of the endodontic space after it has been completely cleaned, shaped, and disinfected.

The purpose of obturation is to seal all "portals of exit" to impede any sort of communication or exchange between the endodontium and periodontium.

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023

Two canals in the same root could each have their apical foramen or converge into a single foramen. This characteristic could apply to any root containing two canals internally. Still, it is crucial to remember this when preparing the mesial canals of lower molars and mesiobuccal canals of upper molars.

The presence of two canals with separate foramen does not require any particular know-how during the preparation phase but only in the obturation phase.

When the two canals converge in a common foramen instead, it is necessary to take some precautions during the shaping phase and ascertain the presence of this anatomic peculiarity as soon as possible.

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023

Perforations are pathological or iatrogenic communications between the root canal system and the attachment apparatus. The clinician must take special care to avoid tooth perforations during endodontic therapy, as perforation requires additional treatment.

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023

Occasionally, a nonsurgical root canal procedure won't be enough to save a tooth, and endodontic surgery will be recommended. Advanced technologies like digital imaging and operating microscopes allow these procedures to be performed quickly, comfortably, and successfully.

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023

Sometimes, a nonsurgical root canal procedure is not enough to save a tooth, and endodontic surgery is recommended.

Techniques, materials, and knowledge are essential to make microsurgical endodontics approaches accurate and predictable in treating endodontic lesions.

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023

For years, two-dimensional (2D) radiographic examinations, dental panoramic, and periapical radiographs have been used.

The interpretation of a two-dimensional image can be complicated by several factors, including the anatomical area and the overlap of other teeth and surrounding dentoalveolar structures.

These problems can be overcome by using images obtained with small or otherwise limited volumes of Cone Beam Computed Tomography, which provides accurate three-dimensional images of the teeth and surrounding dentoalveolar structures. CBCT gives dentists the advantage of being able to carry out correct diagnoses and, above all, correct treatment plans.

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023

The use of MTA in nonsurgical endodontics: direct pulp capping and treatment of immature apices with the “Apical Barrier Technique”

In the late 90s, Dr. Mahmoud Torabinejad of Loma Linda University, California, developed a new cement named Mineral Trioxide Aggregate which appears to have all of the characteristics requested of the ideal cement to seal pathways of communications between the pulp and the oral cavity (mechanical and carious pulp exposures), and between the root canal system and the periodontium (iatrogenic perforations, open apices, resorbed apices, root-end preparations).

First release 1.1.2023 - Available until 12.31.2023